Knowledge relating to where stem rust is occurring is important, but information on which pathotypes (races) are present and at what frequency is vital for breeding and cultivar recommendation. The only way to determine virulence combinations and which specific pathotype (race) or pathotypes are present is to undertake bioassays under controlled conditions, using sets of differential testers (Race analysis). Race analyses of cereal rust pathogens have been undertaken in many countries for many years using more-or-less standardized methodologies of inoculation, incubation and then